What is Engineering Notation?

Definition : Engineering notation is a method of writing really big and really small numbers. In engineering notation, the exponent must always be a multiple of three so that it is equivalent to a value represented by a metric prefix.

Examples:

tera	T	1,000,000,000,000	1012
giga	G	1,000,000,000	109
mega	M	1,000,000	106
kilo	k	1,000	103
		1	100
milli	m	0.001	10¯3
micro	µ	0.000001	10¯6
nano	n	0.000000001	10¯9
pico	p	0.000000000001	10¯12

 

What is Scientific Notation ?

- Definition: Scientific Notation is based on powers of the base number 10.

Example:

The number 127,000,000,000 in scientific notation is written as :

127*10^11

the power 11= the amount of zeros.

other Examples:

 

Binary Conversions

1)       11011100   

1^st -  00100011  ( flip the numbers)

2^nd – 00100100   (Add plus 1 to the end of the numbers)

Oct – 44              

Hex – 24

Decimal  -36

2)      01101110

1^st -  10010001

2^nd - 10010010

Oct - 222

Hex - 92

Decimal - 146

 

3)      10110011

1^st - 01001100

2^nd -01001101

Oct - 115

Hex – 4D

Decimal – 77

 

4)      00010110

1^st - 11101001

2^nd - 11101010

Oct - 352

Hex - EA

Decimal - 234

 

5)      10101100

1^st - 00110101

2^nd – 00110110

Oct - 66

Hex - 36

Decimal - 54

 

 

Computer Structure: Fetch, Decode, Execute 

What is program counter :

          a register in the control unit of the CPU that is used to keep track of the address of the current or next instruction. Typically, the program counter is advanced to the next instruction, and then the current instruction is executed. Also known as a "sequence control register".

Steps:

1.    Fetch—Microprocessor gets a software instruction from memory telling it what to do with the data.

 

2.    Decode—Microprocessor determines what the instruction means.

 

3.    Execute—Microprocessor performs the instruction.



Layered Architecture

Each machine layer is an abstraction of the level below it.

The machine at each level executes its own instructions, calling upon machines at lower levels to perform tasks.

Unit Conversion

decimal	Octal	Hex	Binary
1	1	1	0001
2	2	2	0010
3	3	3	0011
4	4	4	0100
5	5	5	0101
6	6	6	0110
7	7	7	0111
8	10	8	1000
9	11	9	1001
10	12	A	1010
11	13	B	1011
12	14	C	1100
13	15	D	1101
14	16	E	1110

 

Hardware problem troubleshoot.

Problem: overheating: which is a common problem mostly happens with laptops.

Firstly it makes your computer perform very slowly.

Secondly blue screens will appear like this on the picture:

Thirdly computer will start restarting and shutting down.

It happens because the CPU becomes overheated so the computer protects the CPU by shutting down otherwise it will melt.

it also sometimes makes a physical damage to the case and even cause burn to the user if it touches the body directly, as you see below:

How to fix it :

1-      Make sure the fan cable is plugged on mother board.

2-      Clean the fan and make sure u use the thermal paste (cooling liquid) because sometime the fan is working well but it doesn't receive all the heat so the CPU still overheated.

thermal paste :very high heat conductive paste that is used between two objects

3-      Change fan.

Software troubleshooting:-

problem: The Nvidia graphic card performance is weak and not smooth after format, especially in video games. Also the screen resolution is low.



solution:
1)  Go to the nvidia official site. click on drivers and search for the driver that matches your graphic card.

2)  Download and install the graphics driver and restart your system. Running graphic intensive applications    should be smoother since the graphic card is up to date.

Computer components video

What is BIOS?

- Stands for Basic Input/Output System.
- The BIOS is a chip on the motherboard that contains a small amount of software that identifies your hardware and instructs your computer where to look for the Operating System.

What is its purpose?

- The first job for the BIOS is the power-on self-test, which initializes and identifies system devices such as the CPU, RAM, video display card, keyboard and mouse, hard disk drive, optical disc drive and other hardware.

- The BIOS stores the date, the time, and your system configuration information in a battery-powered.

- Beep codes are used by the BIOS during the POST to report certain initial system errors. (it typically means that the system has encountered some kind of problem before it was able to display any kind of error information on the monitor.

How to access BIOS?

Boot (or restart) the PC: Pay close attention to the first screen that appears. Look for a message that indicates which key you need to press in order to access the BIOS. That key is likely to be:
--A Function key (such as F1, F2, or F3).
--The Esc key.
--The Delete key.

By entering the BIOS you can change many sittings like:

1- boot order.

2- change time and date.

3- set a password.

 

NOTE : if you made anymistakes any your computer didnt boot you can rest the BIOS to it is defult by entering it or by the jumper.